地理试题透视六大解题思维——以浙江省选考试题为例

思维是指人脑借助于语言对客观事物的概括和间接反应的过程,以感知为基础,又超越感知的界限,它探索与发现事物的内部本质联系和规律性,是认识过程的高级阶段。目前国内针对地理解题的思维研究相对较少,本文以浙江省历年选考地理试题为例,总结和提炼出六大解题思维,即:逆向思维、收支平衡思维、比较思维、发散思维、空间思维、辩证思维,旨在帮助学生掌握分析和解答地理问题的方法,从而有效提升高中地理学习和复习效果,增强学生学习地理的兴趣。同时在培养学生的地理解题思维过程中,落实地理学科核心素养的培育。     

A comparison of the effectiveness of the roots of two grass species in reducing soil erosion on alluvial fans in south-east China

The effects of root systems on soil detachment by overland flow are closely related to vegetation types. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of two gramineous roots (Paspalum mandiocanum with shallow roots and Pennisetum giganteum with deep roots) on soil detachment capacity, rill erodibility, and critical shear stress on alluvial fans of benggang in south-east China. A 4-m-long and 0.12-m-wide flume was used. Slope steepness ranged from 9% to 27%, and unit flow discharge ranged from 1.39 × 10⁻³ to 4.19 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹. The mean detachment capacities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 18% and 38% lower than that of bare land, respectively, and the effects of root on reducing soil detachment were mainly reflected in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. The most important factors in characterizing soil detachment capacity were root length density and soil cohesion, and soil detachment capacity of the two grass lands could be estimated using flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and root length density (NSE = 0.90). With the increase in soil depth, rill erodibility increased, whereas shear stress decreased. The mean rill erodibilities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 81% and 61% as much as that of bare land, respectively. Additionally, rill erodibilities of the two grass lands could be estimated as an exponential function by root length density and soil cohesion (NSE = 0.88). The mean critical shear stress of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands was 1.29 and 1.39 times that of bare land, respectively, and it could be estimated with a linear function by root length density (NSE = 0.76). This study demonstrated that planting of the two grasses P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum could effectively reduce soil detachment and enhance soil resistance to erosion on alluvial fans, with the deep roots of P. giganteum being more effective than the shallow roots of P. mandiocanum. The results are helpful for understanding the influencing mechanism of root systems on soil detachment process.     

A comparison of methods to estimate groundwater recharge from bare soil based on data observed by a large-scale lysimeter

Effectively estimating groundwater recharge is critical to manage water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions as impacted by intensive human activities and climate changes. Rare insights have been gained into groundwater recharge since direct observation is hard to carry out. Although several methods are currently available to estimate groundwater recharge, the estimated results may cover noticeable bias. The behaviours of different methods based on different conceptual frameworks and exhibiting different levels of complexity should be examined to estimate actual groundwater recharge. This study aims to assess the performance of four common methods to estimate groundwater recharge. For this end, large-scale lysimeters equipped with soil water content sensors and water table sensors were set up at a research site established in Guanzhong Basin of China. The data achieved by 1-year observation were employed to compare four estimation methods. As revealed from the results, the following findings are drawn. (a) Groundwater level fluctuation (GLF) method is simple, whereas its accuracy is determined by specific yield, and adopting a water balance method to estimate specific yield can considerably enhance the accuracy of GLF. (b) The calibrated numerical model can obtain the optimal result compared with the other methods, whereas long-term observation data are required for parameter calibration. (c) In the water balance method, the maximum entropy production (MEP) model and a practical method (estimating evaporation between two rainfall events) were used to calculate evaporation. As indicated by the results, water balance method combined with MEP is capable of obtaining more reliable results of groundwater recharge compared with the practical method. (d) With an analytical model based on linearized Richards' equation, accurate results can be achieved. What is more, the analytical model only needs the measurement of soil moisture near the surface. The limitation of this method is that it is difficult to determine the maximal water flux. The mentioned findings are of critical implications to the management and sustainable development of groundwater.     

结合PS特征点的SBAS地表形变监测

针对SARscape SBAS技术存在人工选取地面控制点影响监测结果的问题，本文提出了一种结合PS特征点的SBAS地表形变监测方法。通过设置PS技术中的振幅离差指数与相干性阈值，提取PS监测结果中的特征点作为地面控制点进行轨道精炼与形变反演。以2017年3月至2018年12月覆盖南昌地区的Sentinel-1影像为数据源，进行了地表形变监测与验证。结果表明：①该方法与PS方法监测结果均显示南昌市城区在监测时段内整体呈小幅度上升趋势，年平均沉降速率相关性达到了0.959，具有高度一致性。②将该方法、PS方法、人工选取地面控制点的SBAS方法的监测结果与水准数据进行对比，该方法与水准数据的误差不超过3.5 mm，说明了该方法的有效性。     

空-谱融合的条件随机场高光谱影像分类方法

高光谱遥感数据具有光谱信息丰富、图谱合一的特点,目前已经广泛地应用在对地观测中。传统的高光谱分类模型大多过分依赖影像光谱信息,没有充分利用空间特征信息,这使得分类精度还有很大的提升空间。条件随机场是一种概率模型,能够较好地融合空间上下文信息,在高光谱影像分类中已经得到越来越多的关注,但大部分条件随机场模型存在超平滑的现象,会导致影像细节丢失。针对该问题,本文提出了一种优化融合影像空-谱信息的高分辨率/高光谱影像分类方法,该方法将影像的纹理信息与原始光谱信息进行融合,利用SVM分类器对其进行预分类,并将各类概率定义为一元势函数,以融合空间特征信息;然后将空间平滑项和局部类别标签成本项加入二元势函数中,以考虑空间背景信息,并保留各类别中的详细信息。最后,通过两组的高分辨率/高光谱影像数据进行试验。结果表明,与SVM算法、传统的条件随机场方法和面向对象的分类方法相比,本文提出的算法在整体分类精度上分别提高了10%、9%和8%以上,同时在保持地物边缘完整性、避免“同谱异物”与“同物异谱”的现象方面有较明显的优势。     

黄土高原沟谷地貌发育演化研究进展与展望

黄土沟谷是黄土地貌中最有活力、最具变化、最富特色的对象单元,黄土高原千沟万壑的地貌形态以及触目惊心的侵蚀状态也让区域内沟谷地貌的形成、发育及演化问题成为研究中焦点及前沿性科学问题。近年来,诸多学者采用地学测年法、特征表达法、监测模拟法力图实现对黄土沟谷发育演化进程中“过去-现代-未来”的科学认知。这些研究在相当程度上丰富了黄土沟谷发育过程的认知。本文梳理了黄土高原沟谷地貌演化相关研究的现状,并从黄土高原地貌演化、黄土沟谷发育、基于DEM的沟谷信息提取与表达等研究进行了系统的回顾、梳理与分析。此外,本文提出“黄土沟道剖面群组”概念与方法,试图从新的视角审视黄土沟谷地貌发育演化过程。沟道剖面在黄土沟谷发育演化进程中传递物质能量和累积地形动力,并通过径流节点的串联实现剖面群的连接与组合,形成独特的剖面“群组”模式;该沟道剖面群组是集黄土沟谷地貌特征与过程于一体的综合信息集成体,其三维空间结构是对黄土沟谷地貌发育演化的高度抽象与映射,并可望进一步丰富黄土高原数字地形分析理论与方法体系,为黄土高原黄土地貌成因机理与空间分异格局带来创新的认识。     

微生物勘探技术在潮汕坳陷油气勘探中的应用初探

东沙海域潮汕坳陷中生界研究程度相对较低,油气分布规律不明,为了加强对该区油气分布和富集规律的研究,针对潮汕坳陷西部地质目标首次应用微生物地球化学勘探技术(MGCE),探讨其含油气性。MGCE技术以轻烃微渗漏理论为基础,采用地质微生物学方法和地球化学方法检测研究区海底表层的微生物异常和吸附烃异常,预测研究区下伏地层中油气的富集区及其油气性质。检测结果显示研究区西部凹陷的斜坡区微生物异常呈块状发育,轻烃微渗漏强度变化大,可能为潜在油气富集区,酸解吸附烃成果显示可能的油气性质为干气和凝析油气。     

文克尔地基模型下液化土桩基水平振动响应分析

在桩基顶部承受竖向荷载作用的条件下，将完全液化后的上层土体视为流体，将桩基等效为欧拉-伯努利梁模型，探讨了桩底嵌固时桩基顶部的水平振动阻抗。运用流体动力方程模拟顶部液化土层的运动，运用文克尔地基模拟下部非液化分层土的运动。结合传递矩阵法，利用液化土与非液化分层土交界面处的位移、转角和内力连续条件，得到桩基顶部和底部的相关位移?内力表达关系式。根据桩基底部的嵌固条件，求得桩顶阻抗的表达式。与已有文献解进行对比，验证了分析过程的正确性。对阻抗影响条件进行参数分析，表明液化深度、轴力和流体密度大小对桩顶阻抗有不同的影响。     

西藏班戈地区后碰撞花岗岩岩石成因及其对班公湖--怒江缝合带演化的约束

本文对班戈雪如岩体似斑状二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和全岩地球化学研究,探讨了其形成年代、成岩条件和构造背景。结果表明雪如岩体侵位于晚白垩世晚期(76±1 Ma),锆石饱和温度计和锆石Ti温度计计算其成岩温度分别为760~810℃和738~814℃,较低的锆石相对氧逸度反映成岩环境为还原环境。全岩地球化学分析结果显示其具有高硅、富碱和准铝质--弱过铝质特征,大离子亲石元素和LREE富集,高场强元素和HREE相对亏损。雪如岩体是中地壳部分熔融的产物,源区残留相为斜长角闪岩相,岩浆结晶过程中发生角闪石和斜长石的分离作用。地球化学投图结合区域构造演化显示其形成于后碰撞伸展环境,表明班公湖-怒江缝合带中段地区在晚白垩世晚期已经进入后碰撞伸展阶段。     

高效钻杆润滑脂研制及其在川藏铁路勘察中的应用

针对地质钻探深孔或水平孔失返性漏失时钻具磨损及钻进效率低的问题，以白油、钠基稠化剂与粘结性材料等为原料，采用一步法研制了一种高效钻杆润滑脂，并在川藏铁路昌都段定测勘察水平孔现场应用中取得显著效果，有力支撑服务了川藏铁路大位移水平孔施工。室内评价及现场应用结果表明，该润滑脂具有耐低温（-16 ℃）、易涂抹、良好的粘附性与润滑性以及高性价比特点，能长时间保护钻具，而且其润滑效果与国外同类产品相当。